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But if the custody of the criminal class has been overrated as a preventive of crime, or regarded as the sole preventive instead of one amongst many, it does not follow that crime on that account must be left to itself. It only follows that we should trust to punishment less and to other agencies more in our war with[104] crime, and that we should seek to check the latter at its source, not in its full stream, by attending to the improvement of the general conditions of life. It is quite certain, for instance, that the spread of education, of which Beccaria wrote in terms of such despair, means the diminution of crime; and as the majority of crimes are committed between the ages of twenty and forty, it may be predicted that from the present year onwards the great Act of 1870 will bear increasing fruit in lowering our criminal statistics. More too may be hoped for from the electric light than from any multiplication of prisons.CHAPTER XXXIX. OF FAMILY SPIRIT.このページの先頭です
ONE: There is also a fourth consequence of the above principles: that the right to interpret penal laws cannot possibly rest with the criminal judges, for the[126] very reason that they are not legislators. The judges have not received the laws from our ancestors as a family tradition, as a legacy that only left to posterity the duty of obeying them, but they receive them from living society, or from the sovereign that represents it and is the lawful trustee of the actual result of mens collective wills; they receive them, not as obligations arising from an ancient oath[65] (null, because it bound wills not then in existence, and iniquitous, because it reduced men from a state of society to that of a flock), but as the result of the tacit or expressed oath made to the sovereign by the united wills of living subjects, as chains necessary for curbing and regulating the disorders caused by private interests. This is the natural and real source of the authority of the laws. It is a great point in every good system of laws to determine exactly the credibility of witnesses and the proofs of guilt Every reasonable manthat is, every man with a certain connection between his ideas and with feelings like those of other menis capable of bearing witness. The true measure of his credibility is only the interest he has in speaking or in not speaking the truth; so that nothing can be more frivolous than to reject the evidence of women on the pretext of their feebleness, nothing more childish than to apply the results of real death to civil death as regards the testimony of the condemned, nothing more unmeaning than to insist on the mark of infamy in the infamous when they have no interest in lying.
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ONE:What can be thought of an author who presumes to establish his system on the dbris of all hitherto accepted notions, who to accredit it condemns all civilised nations, and who spares neither systems of law, nor magistrates, nor lawyers?Two other fatal consequences flow from the cruelty of punishments, and are contrary to their very purpose, the prevention of crimes. The first is, that it is not so easy to preserve the essential proportion between crime and punishment, because, however much a studied cruelty may diversify its forms, none of them can go beyond the extreme limit of endurance which is a condition of the human organisation and sensibility. When once this extreme limit is attained, it would be impossible to invent such a corresponding increase of punishment for still more injurious and atrocious crimes as would be necessary to prevent them. The other consequence is, that impunity itself arises from the severity of punishments. Men are restrained within limits both in good and evil; and a sight too atrocious for humanity can only be a passing rage, not a constant system, such as the laws ought to be; if the latter are really cruel, either they are changed, or themselves give rise to a fatal impunity.
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TWO:

当社は昭和13年の設立以来、つねに時代のニーズに即した製品をめざし、新技術?新製品の開発を重ねてきました。 中でもアルコール蒸留技術は、国内業界のパイオニアとして目覚ましい成長発展を遂げ、80年にわたる実績を築きあげました。そして今、その歴史によって培われた経験と技術力は化学?食品?薬品?産業機械など、幅広い分野で生かされています。今後はさらに新時代に向けた技術革新を積極的に進めると同時に、新分野の開拓にも意欲的に取組み、一層の発展を図っていきます。

社名 日本化学機械製造株式会社
（英文名称 Japan Chemical Engineering & Machinery Co., Ltd.）
代表者 取締役会長　高橋 正一
取締役社長　髙橋 一雅
所在地

〈本社?工場〉

〒532-0031　
大阪市淀川区加島4丁目6番23号

営業部
TEL.06-6308-3885FAX.06-6306-2627
技術部?設計部?工事部
TEL.06-6308-3891FAX.06-6306-0136
総務部
TEL.06-6308-3881 (代表)FAX.06-6306-2384
調達部
TEL.06-6308-3910FAX.06-6306-2384
海外事業部
TEL.06-6308-3887FAX.06-6306-2384
低温機器事業部
TEL.06-6308-3889FAX.06-6308-3890
製造部
TEL.06-6308-3894FAX.06-6308-3767
品質保証室
TEL.06-6308-3880FAX.06-6308-3896
開発技術室
TEL.06-6308-3895FAX.06-6838-3092
〈東京支店〉

〒104-0031　
東京都中央区京橋1丁目6番12号(京橋イーサスビル5階)

TEL.03-3567-8101FAX.03-3567-8104

〈滋賀工場〉

〒520-3213　
滋賀県湖南市大池町7番地1

TEL.0748-75-2131FAX.0748-75-2134

〈南山田工場〉

〒520-3252　
滋賀県湖南市岩根字南山田1662番5

TEL.0748-72-3007FAX.0748-72-3008
設立 昭和13年10月31日
資本金 2億7千5百万円
事業内容 化学機械?化学装置、燃焼装置、超低温液化ガス機器の設計、製作、販売
当社の特色
■ 小回りのきく化学工場のプラント?エンジニアリングメーカー
化学装置の設計?機器の調達?製作?建設工事、試運転迄一貫して責任施工
■ 各種耐食材料の加工
ステンレス?銅?チタニウム?ニッケル?モネル?ハステロイなど
■ 高圧機器の製作
汽罐ならびに特殊汽罐認可工場（圧力10MPa迄）ボイラーならびに第一種圧力容器認可工場（圧力10MPa迄）
高圧ガス保安法（特定設備検査規則）に基づく各種圧力容器
■ 高真空?超低温機器の製作
1.3×10-3Pa、－268℃機器
■ 製缶加工?検査設備完備
製缶加工に必要な諸機械?自動溶接機をはじめ検査諸設備を完備しており、全作業を一貫して能率的に加工可能
従業員数 160人（2019年4月現在）
年間売上高 6,119百万円（2019年4月決算）
取引銀行 りそな銀行堂島支店 　三井住友銀行十三支店 　池田泉州銀行庄内支店　
関西みらい銀行十三支店 　滋賀銀行新大阪支店 　三菱UFJ銀行梅田中央支店
許可登録 特定建設業許可　国土交通大臣許可（特27）第5208号
一級建築士事務所　大阪府知事登録(ロ)第24084号
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マネジメント
システム
〈品質マネジメントシステム〉
認証規格
ISO 9001：2015　/　JIS　Q9001:2015
登録番号
99QR?154
〈環境マネジメントシステム〉
認証規格
エコアクション21：2017
登録番号
0002822
TWO: As soon as the proofs of a crime and its reality are fully certified, the criminal must be allowed time and opportunity for his defence; but the time allowed must be so short as not to interfere with the speediness of his punishment, which, as we have seen, is one of the principal restraints from crime. A false philanthropy seems opposed to this shortness of time; but all doubt will vanish, on reflection that the more defective any system of law is, the greater are the dangers to which innocence is exposed.

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What are the pretexts by which secret accusations and punishments are justified? Are they the public welfare, the security and maintenance of the form of government? But how strange a constitution is that, where he who has force on his side, and opinion, which is even stronger than force, is afraid of every citizen! Is then the indemnity of the accuser the excuse? In that case the laws do not sufficiently defend him; and shall there be subjects stronger than their sovereign? Or is it to save the informer from infamy? What! secret calumny be fair and lawful, and an open one deserving of punishment! Is it, then, the nature of the crime? If indifferent actions, or even useful actions, are called crimes, then of course accusations and trials can never be secret enough. But how can there be crimes, that is, public injuries, unless the publicity of this example, by a public trial, be at the same time[144] the interest of all men? I respect every government, and speak of none in particular. Circumstances are sometimes such that to remove an evil may seem utter ruin when it is inherent in a national system. But had I to dictate new laws in any forgotten corner of the universe, my hand would tremble and all posterity would rise before my eyes before I would authorise such a custom as that of secret accusations.But there was one great fallacy, pervading our whole criminal law, which Blackstone left undetected and untouched. This was, that the severity of punishment must be augmented in proportion to the increase of temptation, and that the measure of the guilt of a crime lay in the facility with which it might be committed. Among crimes of an equal malignity, says Blackstone, those [deserve most punishment, as most injurious] which a man has the most frequent and easy opportunities of committing, which cannot so easily be guarded against as others, and which, therefore, the offender has the strongest inducement to commit. And on this principle he finds it reasonable, that, while the theft of a pocket-handkerchief should be a capital crime, the theft of a load of hay should only involve transportation. Whatever improvement our penal laws have undergone in the last hundred years is due primarily to Beccaria, and to an extent that has not always been recognised. Lord Mansfield is said never to have mentioned his name without a sign of respect. Romilly referred to him in the very first speech he delivered in the House of Commons on the subject of law reform. And there is no English writer of that day who, in treating of the criminal law, does not refer to Beccaria.CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION.
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