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Another way of preventing crimes is to interest the magistrates who carry out the laws in seeking rather to preserve than to corrupt them. The greater the number of men who compose the magistracy, the less danger will there be of their exercising any undue power over the laws; for venality is more difficult among men who are under the close observation of one another, and their inducement to increase their individual authority diminishes in proportion to the smallness of the share of it that can fall to each of them, especially when they compare it with the risk of the attempt. If the sovereign accustoms his subjects, by formalities and pomp, by severe edicts, and by refusal to hear the grievances, whether just or unjust, of the man who thinks himself oppressed, to fear rather the magistrates than the[250] laws, it will be more to the profit of the magistrates than to the gain of private and public security.このページの先頭です
ONE:But whatever tendency might have been arising in theory or in practice about this time to mitigate the severity of our laws was destined to receive a dead check from the publication in 1784 and 1785 respectively of two books which deserve historical recollection. The first was Madans Thoughts on Executive Justice, in which the author, adopting Beccarias principle of the certainty of punishment as the best check on crime, advocated an unflinching carrying out of the laws as they stood. It was, says Romilly, a strong and vehement censure upon the judges and the ministers for their mode of administering the law, and for the frequency of the pardons which they granted. It was very much read, and certainly was followed by the sacrifice of many lives.In France Beccarias book became widely popular, and many writers helped to propagate his ideas, such as Servan, Brissot, Lacretelle, and Pastoret. Lacretelle attributes the whole impulse of criminal law reform to Beccaria, while regretting that Montesquieu had not said enough to attract general attention to the subject. His book is said to have so changed the spirit of the old French criminal tribunals, that, ten years before the Revolution, they bore no resemblance to their former selves. All the younger magistrates gave their judgments more according to the principles of Beccaria than according to the text of the law.[21][35] The result of the agitation appeared in the Royal Ordinances of 1780 and 1788, directed to the diminution of torture, the only reforms which preceded the Revolution. It is said that the last time anyone was tortured in France was in the year 1788, the last year of the ancien rgime. At the very beginning of the Revolution more than a hundred different offences ceased to incur the penalty of death.
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ONE:The opinion that each citizen should have liberty to do whatsoever is not contrary to the laws, without fear of any other inconvenience than such as may arise from the action itselfthis is the political dogma[203] that should be believed by the people and promulgated by the chief magistrates, a dogma as sacred as that of the incorrupt guardianship of the laws, without which there can be no legitimate society; a just compensation to mankind for their sacrifice of that entire liberty of action which belongs to every sensitive being, and is only limited by the extent of its force. This it is that forms liberal and vigorous souls, and enlightened minds; that makes men virtuous with that virtue which can resist fear, and not with that flexible kind of prudence which is only worthy of a man who can put up with a precarious and uncertain existence.Others again measure crimes rather by the rank of the person injured than by their importance in regard to the public weal. Were this the true measure of crimes, any act of irreverence towards the Supreme Being should be punished more severely than the assassination of a monarch, whereas the superiority of His nature affords an infinite compensation for the difference of the offence.
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TWO:

当社は昭和13年の設立以来、つねに時代のニーズに即した製品をめざし、新技術?新製品の開発を重ねてきました。 中でもアルコール蒸留技術は、国内業界のパイオニアとして目覚ましい成長発展を遂げ、80年にわたる実績を築きあげました。そして今、その歴史によって培われた経験と技術力は化学?食品?薬品?産業機械など、幅広い分野で生かされています。今後はさらに新時代に向けた技術革新を積極的に進めると同時に、新分野の開拓にも意欲的に取組み、一層の発展を図っていきます。

社名 日本化学機械製造株式会社
（英文名称 Japan Chemical Engineering & Machinery Co., Ltd.）
代表者 取締役会長　高橋 正一
取締役社長　髙橋 一雅
所在地

〈本社?工場〉

〒532-0031　
大阪市淀川区加島4丁目6番23号

営業部
TEL.06-6308-3885FAX.06-6306-2627
技術部?設計部?工事部
TEL.06-6308-3891FAX.06-6306-0136
総務部
TEL.06-6308-3881 (代表)FAX.06-6306-2384
調達部
TEL.06-6308-3910FAX.06-6306-2384
海外事業部
TEL.06-6308-3887FAX.06-6306-2384
低温機器事業部
TEL.06-6308-3889FAX.06-6308-3890
製造部
TEL.06-6308-3894FAX.06-6308-3767
品質保証室
TEL.06-6308-3880FAX.06-6308-3896
開発技術室
TEL.06-6308-3895FAX.06-6838-3092
〈東京支店〉

〒104-0031　
東京都中央区京橋1丁目6番12号(京橋イーサスビル5階)

TEL.03-3567-8101FAX.03-3567-8104

〈滋賀工場〉

〒520-3213　
滋賀県湖南市大池町7番地1

TEL.0748-75-2131FAX.0748-75-2134

〈南山田工場〉

〒520-3252　
滋賀県湖南市岩根字南山田1662番5

TEL.0748-72-3007FAX.0748-72-3008
設立 昭和13年10月31日
資本金 2億7千5百万円
事業内容 化学機械?化学装置、燃焼装置、超低温液化ガス機器の設計、製作、販売
当社の特色
■ 小回りのきく化学工場のプラント?エンジニアリングメーカー
化学装置の設計?機器の調達?製作?建設工事、試運転迄一貫して責任施工
■ 各種耐食材料の加工
ステンレス?銅?チタニウム?ニッケル?モネル?ハステロイなど
■ 高圧機器の製作
汽罐ならびに特殊汽罐認可工場（圧力10MPa迄）ボイラーならびに第一種圧力容器認可工場（圧力10MPa迄）
高圧ガス保安法（特定設備検査規則）に基づく各種圧力容器
■ 高真空?超低温機器の製作
1.3×10-3Pa、－268℃機器
■ 製缶加工?検査設備完備
製缶加工に必要な諸機械?自動溶接機をはじめ検査諸設備を完備しており、全作業を一貫して能率的に加工可能
従業員数 160人（2019年4月現在）
年間売上高 6,119百万円（2019年4月決算）
取引銀行 りそな銀行堂島支店 　三井住友銀行十三支店 　池田泉州銀行庄内支店　
関西みらい銀行十三支店 　滋賀銀行新大阪支店 　三菱UFJ銀行梅田中央支店
許可登録 特定建設業許可　国土交通大臣許可（特27）第5208号
一級建築士事務所　大阪府知事登録(ロ)第24084号
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取得
マネジメント
システム
〈品質マネジメントシステム〉
認証規格
ISO 9001：2015　/　JIS　Q9001:2015
登録番号
99QR?154
〈環境マネジメントシステム〉
認証規格
エコアクション21：2017
登録番号
0002822
TWO:The greatest effect that any punishment has upon the human mind is not to be measured by its intensity but by its duration, for our sensibility is more easily and permanently affected by very slight but repeated impressions than by a strong but brief shock. Habit holds universal sway over every sentient being, and as we speak and walk and satisfy our needs by its aid, so moral ideas only stamp themselves on our mind by long and repeated impressions. It is not the terrible yet brief sight of a criminals death, but the long and painful example of a man deprived of[172] his liberty, who, having become as it were a beast of burthen, repays with his toil the society he has offended, which is the strongest restraint from crimes. Far more potent than the fear of death, which men ever have before their eyes in the remote distance, is the thought, so efficacious from its constant recurrence: I myself shall be reduced to as long and miserable a condition if I commit similar misdeeds.

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What is the best way of preventing crimes?But there is a still further uncertainty of punishment, for it is as well known in the criminal world as elsewhere that the sentence pronounced in court is not the real sentence, and that neither penal servitude for[96] five years nor penal servitude for life mean necessarily anything of the sort. The humanity of modern legislation insists on a remission of punishment, dependent on a convicts life in the public works prisons, in order that the element of hope may brighten his lot and perchance reform his character. This remission was at first dependent simply on his conduct, which was perhaps too generously called good where it was hard for it to be bad; now it depends on his industry and amount of work done. Yet the element of hope might be otherwise assured than by lessening the certainty of punishment, say, by associating industry or good conduct with such little privileges of diet, letter-writing, or receiving of visits, as still shed some rays of pleasure over the monotony of felon-life. It should not be forgotten, that the Commission of 1863, which so strongly advocated the remissibility of parts of penal sentences, did so in despite of one of its principal members, against no less an authority than the Lord Chief Justice, then Sir Alexander Cockburn.[55] The very fact of the remissibility of a sentence is an admission of its excessive severity; for to say that a sentence is never carried out is to say that it need never have been inflicted.The EndIt may be asked, How far was Beccaria the first to protest against the cruelty and absurdity of torture? To this it must be replied that although actually he was not the first, he was the first to do so with effect. The difference between previous writers on the subject and Beccaria is the difference between a man whose ideas are in advance of those of his age and a man who raises the ideas of his age to a level with his[31] own. So early as the sixteenth century Montaigne, in his Essay on Conscience, had said plainly enough that the putting a man to the rack was rather a trial of patience than of truth; that pain was as likely to extort a false confession as a true one; and that a judge, by having a man racked that he might not die innocent, caused him to die both innocent and racked. Also Grevius Clivensis wrote a work whilst in prison in Amsterdam, in which he sought to prove that torture was iniquitous, fallacious, and unchristian.[17] This was published in 1624; and nearly a century later a Jesuit, Spee, wrote against the use of torture, as also against the cruel practices in force against witches.[18] And in later days Montesquieu, twenty years before Beccaria, had gone so far as to say that, since a civilised nation like England had abandoned torture without evil consequences, it was therefore unnecessary; but he followed the subject to no definite conclusion.There was only one offence which Paley thought the English law punished too severely, and that was the offence of privately stealing from the person. In all other cases he defended the application of the capital penalty. It was, he thought, the peculiar merit of the English law that it swept into the net every crime which under any possible circumstance might merit death, whilst it only singled out a few[56] cases in each class of crime for actual punishment; so that whilst few really suffered death, the dread and danger of it hung over the crimes of many. The law was not cruel, for it was never meant to be indiscriminately executed, but left a large margin for the exercise of mercy.
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